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The principal military cartridge families represented here cover rifle, machine-gun and pistol ammunition from both eastern-origin and NATO standardisation systems. Because the same nominal calibre can refer to very different cartridges, the range is best navigated by the full cartridge designation.

Principal military cartridge families

Cartridge family Typical weapon class Standards context
5.56×45mm Rifle / light machine gun NATO
7.62×39mm Rifle / light machine gun Eastern-origin
7.62×51mm Rifle / machine gun NATO
7.62×54R Rifle / machine gun Eastern-origin
9×19mm Pistol NATO
9×18mm Makarov Pistol Eastern-origin

The three 7.62 mm entries are separate cartridge families: 7.62×39mm, 7.62×51mm and 7.62×54R are not different names for the same ammunition. The same distinction applies to 9×18mm Makarov and 9×19mm.

Cartridge designation matters

The complete designation is the primary identifier when reviewing the range. In 7.62×54R, for example, theR forms part of the cartridge designation and distinguishes the rimmed family from other 7.62 mm ammunition.